Optimization of Ethanolic Extraction of Enantia chloranta Bark, Phytochemical Composition, Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles, and Antimicrobial Activity

In this study, using the Box–Behnken model, we optimized ethanolic extraction of phytochemicals from Enantia chloranta bark for first time, assessed composition with HPLC-MS/MS, performed green synthesis silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and characterized them UV-Vis spectrophotometry, photon cross-correlation spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The antibacterial antibiotic-resistance reversal properties extract (O-ECB) AgNPs were on various microorganisms (15 Gram−, 7 Gram+, 2 fungi) well diffusion method microbroth dilution assay. mechanism action was investigated growth kinetic proton pumps Escherichia coli. in vivo antimicrobial activity toxicity Galleria mellonella larvae. optimal mass yield (14.3%) related to highest (31 mm vs. S. aureus ATCC 6538) obtained following operating conditions: % EtOH—100%; ratio m/v—20 g/mL; time—6 h. All compounds identified O-ECB alkaloids major constituents palmatine (51.63%), columbamine +7,8-dihydro-8-hydroxypalmatine (19.21%), jatrorrhizine (11.02%), pseudocolumbamine (6.33%). Among minerals found (S, Si, Cl, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn, Br), Br, Cl most abundant mean intensities 4.6529, 3.485,4, 2.5942 cps/uA, respectively. synthesized revealed a strong absorption plasmon band between 430 450 nm an average hydrodynamic diameter ×50 59.74 nm, presence Ag confirmed by characteristic peak spectrum at Kα line 22.105 keV. Both displayed noteworthy broad-spectrum activities against 20/24 24/24 studied microorganisms, respectively, recorded minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging 8 ≥1024 µg/mL 64 µg/mL. showed antibiofilm significantly enhanced efficacy conventional antibiotics selected multidrug-resistant bacteria, mechanistic investigations their interference bacterial inhibition H+-ATPase pumps. LD50s 40 mg/mL 0.6 AgNPs, conclusion, current study provides experimental baseline consider chlorantha synthetized as potent era resistance.